1.with,in
with与in都有"用"之意,但"用"法不同。with表示"用工具"、"用
手、口"等。in表示"用语言、 话语或声音"。例如:
Please write the letter in English.
He wrote it with a pen.
2.sone,any
some, any均可用来修饰或代替复数名词或不可数名词,但some主要用于
肯定句或肯定答语中,any主要用 于疑问名、否定句(或否定答语)中。在表
示邀请、请求、希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中应用some。例如:
—Are there any apples in that basket?
—No,there aren‘t any. But I can give you some.
There isn’t any water in my glass. Would yougive me some?
3.take,bring,carry
以说话人为中心,take是把某人或某物从说话者身边"拿走(去)"、"带
走(去)”;bring是从别处将 某物或某人带到说话者这里来,译为"拿来"、
"带来"。例如:
Take this empty box sway and bring me a fullone.
当不以某人为中心从一处到另一处的运动用take。例如:
The No.3 bus will take him there.
carry强调动作的方式,不说明动作的方向,译为"搬、扛、抬"等,有时
与take用法相同。例如:
They carried/took the books to the classroom.
Look!They are carrying water.
4.other,the other
other不特指,后面可接单、复数名词。the other特指两者当中的另外一
个(或部分)。例如:
Jack and some other girls went shopping.
I have two sisters.One is a teacher,the other isa worker.
5.in a tree, on a tree
这两个短语都有"在树上"之意,但用法不同。表示树上长出的东西,如果
实、枝叶等,要用on the tre e;当不属于树上生长的东西,如人或其它物"在
树上"时,应用in the tree。例如:
There are some birds in the tree.
There are lots of apples on that tree.
6.by bike,on a bike
by后表交通工具的名词须用单数,而且其前一般无冠词或其它修饰词。若
名词前有冠词或其它修饰词,则 应用其它介词,如on,in,而不用by。另外注意
onfoot(步行)。例如:
I often go to school by bike.But sometimes on abus or on foot.
7.speak,say,talk, tell
say是"说出"、"说过",强调所说的内容。speak重在"讲",着重开
口发声,不强调讲话内容,一般 作不及物动词。作及物动词时,其宾语通常是
表语言、真理的名词。talk有“交谈”之意,有较强的对答、讨 论意味,多作
不及物动词。tell重在"告诉"。此外"讲故事"也用tell。例如:
Can you say it in English?
Can you speak English?
He is talking with his English teacher.
Can you tell me about it?
8.see,look(at),watch,read
see作"看到"讲,指结果。look指有目的地去看,具有一定的主动性,接
宾语时须与at连用。watch有" 观看"之意,通常指观看正在动的东西。例如:
The old man looked at the blackboard,but he sawnothing.
They are watching a football match.
注意:watch TV(看电视),see a film(看电影)。
read着重"看"带有文字内容的书、报等。例如:
He is reading a newspaper(报纸).
9.have,there be
have表某人或某物本身"拥有",there be表某处"有(存在)"某物(或
人)。例如:
I have lots of friends.
There is a pen in my pencil-box.
有时二者用法相同。例如:
There are lots of apples on the tree.
The tree has lots of apples on it.
10.put on,wear,be in
put on强调"穿戴"的动作,wear指"穿戴"的状态。puton与wear均
可指穿衣(鞋)、戴帽(眼镜)等 。be in也表穿着的状态。例如:
It‘s cold outside. Put on your coat,please.
They are all in (wearing)white clothes.
11.one,it
二者均为代词,都可用来代替单数名词,但用法有别。it是特指上文所提
过的东西,one是泛指与上文所提 的东西同类中的一个,不特指。one单独使用
时前面无冠词。但当one受形容词修饰时,其前应加不定冠词,也 可在其前加
定冠词,表示特指。例如:
—Do you have a ruler?
—Yes,I have one.I have a new one.
—Could I borrow it?
—Certainly.
12.teach sb.English
teach后可接双宾语。例如:
【误】He will teach our English this term.
【正】He will teach us English this term.
13.too,very,much,very much
too有否定含义,表示"太"、"过于"。例如:
The coat is too small for me. I’ll have to get abigger one.
very,much,very much均有:"很"、"非常"之意,但注意它们的区别:
very修饰形容词或副词,不能直接修饰动词,修饰动词要用much或very
much。例如:
Li Lei is very strong.
I like English(very) much.
修饰形容词或副词比较级表程度时,用much而不用very。但much不可用
来修饰原级。例如:
He is much taller than I.
14.house,family,home
family指"家庭""家人",与房屋无关,着重家庭成员。house指人居住
的房屋,属建筑物。home指自己 和家人住的地方。包括房屋及室内的各种家俱,
有强烈的个人感情上的联系。例如:
There are two families living in this house.
There are three people in my family.
My home is in Shanghai.*
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