我们知道,教材中的阅读材料是用来培养学生阅读能力的语言载体。但在平时的英语教学中,有些教师只把它看成了语言知识的载体,当成了精读课来上,注重了语言知识的教学,而忽视了对学生阅读能力的培养,这背离了教材编写者的初衷。为了培养和提高学生的阅读能力,老师还要花费大量的时间和精力,选择不同类型的材料对学生再进行各种阅读强化训练。其实,我们完全可以利用教材中的阅读材料,使学生在获得语言知识的同时,对他们进行阅读能力的训练和培养。尤其是对起始年级来说,这是非常重要的。本人试以人教版新编高中教材第一册第四单元 Unforgettable experiences 中的阅读材料为例,结合近几年高考阅读理解的命题特点,就如何利用教材中的阅读材料培养和提高学生的阅读能力介绍自己的几点做法。希望对大家平时的阅读材料的教学有所启示。 猜测词义的理解训练正确理解词义和句意是提高阅读理解的基础。因为文章是由具有意群意义的句子构成的,而句子又是由最小的语言单位单词构成的。因此,在阅读材料中对学生进行词义和句意理解的训练是提高他们理解文章大意的基础。任何单词的理解都离不开所在句子的语言环境;同理,任何句子都不是孤立存在的,都是与文章的中心与主题相联系的。因此理解他们也不能脱离所在的语境。近几年的高考题中有很多对划线单词和句子理解考查。例如: 1. A“pawgraphed”book is most probably in paragraph 3.(NMET 2003) 2. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word“baffle”as it is used in the text? (NMET 2003) 3. By saying“The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold in the idea”,the writer means the library (NMET 2003) 4. What does the underlined word“it”(paragraph 2)refer to? (NMET 2002) 5. What is the meaning of “the organic trend”as the words used in the text? (NMET 2002) 6. The underlined word“them”(paragraph 1)refers to (NMET 2002) 7. What does the underlined word“hassle”(paragraph 1) probably mean? (NMET 2002) 本文我们可以这样来进行词义和句意的阅读训练:首先让学生快速浏览课文内容,然后将阅读材料中的一些句子投影到屏幕上,给学生几分钟时间进行独立思考,并注意理解句子中划线部分在特定语言环境中的意义。 1. There she saw a wall of water that quickly advancing towards her. 2. She wanted to watch it. 3. For some moments both were silent. 4. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep. 5. The next moment the first wave swept her, swallowing the garden. 6. She struggled and struggled,but could not get on her feet. 7. Jeff and Flora looked into each other's face with a look of fright. 8. Another wave struck the house. 9. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. 10. A terrible noise went through the house. 以上所列句子前四个划线部分是让学生理解代词,副词,以及关系代词在句中的指代作用,做好这类题目必需弄清该词所在语段中的前后关系,理清思路,避免阅读中的指代混乱的现象。5—10 中的划线部分都是普通的单词和短语,但在本文中所表达的不是其字面意思。通过讨论理解其所在语境中的意义,从而为更好地理解阅读材料内容扫清障碍。 细节理解的训练细节阅读训练是指对所阅读的材料中的某句、某段或某一具体细节和事实进行提问,并要求做答的题目类型。这类题目主要以 what,who,which,when,how,why 等引起的问句,这种题型在历年的高考试题中所占比例最大,分值较高,也是高考试题中基础性的题目类型。这类题目一般比较好得分,只要仔细阅读,都能在文中找到明确的答案。例如: 1. What sort of underground systems are already here with us? (NMET 2002) 2. Which theatre offers the cheapest seat? (NMET 2002) 3. If you want to see a play with old jokes and songs, which phone number will you ring to book a seat? (NMET 2002) 4. Which of the following is most likely to be a party planner? (NMET 2002) 5. Which of the following is most famous for moai? (NMET 2003) 6. Which country does Easter Island belong to? (NMET 2003) 7. What is Animal Hospital? (NMET 2003) 8. Which of the following plays an important part in the spread of foreign words? (NMET 2003) 针对上述情况,在平时的教学中,我们根据所读文章的题材引导学生从不同的角度去注意所读材料的细节。故事、传记等题材的课文,应要求学生紧跟贯穿全文的主线,注意时间关系和人物的年龄特征以及人物之间的关系;关于社会、文化、科技、经济等题材的课文,应要求学生注意文章中出现的事物的名称、日期、数学、距离等。地理历史等题材的课文,应注意地理名称的分布、河流的走向、历史事件中的人物、发生的地点及年代等。在让学生快速阅读之后,根据文章的内容及细节进行设题提问。细节理解题的训练可从以下三个方面进行,即,True/False questions,yesno questions 或 Wh-questions。本人拟从以下三步对本文细节进行训练。 (一)对文章的内容进行 Wh-questions 和 yes-no questions 训练,以加深学生对本文内容的理解。 1. Did Flora hear a terrible roar? 2. Did the first wave sweep her down? 3. Could Flora stand on her feet when her head was above the water? 4. As they got to the steps,did they hear another great roar? 5. While the whole house moved,what did she stop to do? 6. Was the beautiful garden destroyed and swept away? 7. What happened to Jeff and Flora? 8. Where were they going to rescues themselves? 9Did they find the thing they were hoping for? (二)对课文中的重点内容进行排序训练。这样可以让学生理顺所读材料的主要内容,同时也加深对重点部分的理解。 1. Flora started crying when the house moved. 2. Flora saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. 3. The water swept past the house like a wild river. 4. The water flowed around their legs again, but Jeff had opened the hall door. 5. Jeff and Flora looked into each other's face with a look of fright. 6. The next moment the first wave swept her down,swallowing the garden. 7. This will stand. This house will stand. 8. Jeff looked out of the window and saw the water sweep past the house like a wild river. (三)让学生熟读全文,完成下列短文。这是课文的浓缩,即文章的主题思想。 First, Flora saw a big mass of water a towards her when she heard s from Jeff.S her arm, Jeff d her towards the house. Next, they s the water and their way into the house. Then they ran upstairs to the s floor,w they found the garden was completely dFinally,they found the chimney wstill stand like a tin the water. 断能力和把握作者写作意图的能力推理判断题要求学生透过文章表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思,即,言外音,话外意。要求学生对文章的情节发展,以及作者的态度、意图等作出合乎逻辑的推理和判断。这类题目在近几年的高考试题中在逐年增加。例如: 1. Which of the following best describe the writer's feeling about stage school? (NMET 1999) 2. We can infer from the text that “computerliterate”means (NMET 1999) 3. What is the subject discussed in the text?(NMET 2001) 4. What is the most important clue in the story to help Ken Roberts find the hare?(NMET 2002) 5. In the opinion of Takashi Saito,Japanese people .(NMET 2003) 推理判断题用来考查学生概括全篇内在逻辑关系和进行推理判断能力。教学时,教师应引导学生注意根据已知的信息进行推理判断。要懂得如何捕捉信息,抓住主题和寻觅细节,进行逻辑推理。对于暗含在文中事件的因果关系、人物的行为动机、以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点等进行合乎逻辑的推理、分析和判断。要善于抓住文章的实质性的东西,不要被带有假象的表层信息或似是而非的东西所迷惑。在推理作者的意图或观点时,不要固守自己的习惯看法,力求从作者的角度去思考。让学生在对本文进行了细节训练之后提出如下几个难度较大的问题,先让学生独立思考,然后逐一进行讨论。对于这样具有一定难度的试题,学生一时无法从文中找到答案,在进行训练时教师要适时加以指导。 1. what can we infer from the sentence“For some moments both were silent”? 2. What can we conclude from the last paragraph? 3. When she turned around and saw the water coming, what do you think her feeling might be? 4. What did Flora probably think when she saw the beautiful garden was destroyed and swept away by the wild water? 四、利用课文中的阅读材料进行 主旨大意归纳能力的训练此类阅读理解题目是考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解,即考查学生概括和归纳文章大意及中心思想的能力。主旨大意题目的命题方式一般有两种:一是主题问题,即段落大意,通常用以下句式引出问题: What is the main idea of this passage? What does the paragraph mainly discuss? The writer wants to tell us that . What can we know from this passage? 二是标题问题,通常采用“What is the best title of the article?” 这两类题目难度较大,学生出错率较高,也是能拉开考生档次的题目。近几年此类题目所占比例越来越大。例如: 1. What would be the best title for the text? (NMET 2001) 2. What is the subject discussed in the text? (NMET 2001) 3. What of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph? (NMET 2001) 4. What would be the best title for the text? (NMET 2002) 5. What is the best title for this news story? (NMET 2002) 6. What is the main idea discussed in the text? (NMET 2001) 7. The main purpose of writing this text is (NMET 2002) 8. What is mainly discussed in the text? (NMET 2003) 9. What is the purpose of writing these three texts? (NMET 2003) 10. What would be the best title for the text? (NMET 2003) 做这类题目时老师应指导学生做题的方法。我们知道主题句往往出现在段落之首,用来表达一段文章的主旨大意,起到开门见山,引人入胜的作用。但主题句受作者写作风格的影响其位置也不固定。有时放在中间,成为段落语义的核心。有的甚至出现在文尾,将主题引向高潮,成为一个强有力的结论,起到画龙点睛,深化主题的作用。也有些文章或段落不容易找到明显的主题句,需要我们去归纳、总结和概括。 另一类主旨大意题要求学生根据文章的内容选择一个合适的标题。这是对所读文章的高度的概括和总结。做这类题目只要找到主题句就不难确定文章的最佳标题。 本人依据上述情况,对本文的主旨大意的训练按照下列步骤来进行:1. 给出自然段的编号归纳各自然段的大意;2. 让学生分段,然后归纳各段的段落大意;3. 归纳整篇文章的中心思想。 1. 分段: 第一段,Frompassage topassage 第二段,Frompassage topassage. 第三段,Frompassage topassage. What's the main idea of the first paragraph? What's the main idea of the second paragraph? What's the main idea of the third paragraph? The main idea of the whole text: 综上所述,只要我们在平时的阅读课教学中坚持训练,以阅读为中心,以培养学生良好的阅读习惯和提高学生的阅读能力为重点。要注重学生答题方法的指导,摈弃过去那种只讲单词、短语的用法,偏重句子结构的分析;把阅读课上成了精读课,语法课。我们要充分利用教材,培养和提高学生的阅读水平和阅读能力,从而达到新课标的要求,我们就没有必要去费精力进行大量阅读的专题训练、从而给学生节省宝贵的时间,提高了学习效率。
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