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来源：人民教育出版社 作者：佚名 更新时间：2006-06-02 02:08:11
Jack C. Richards
Observation of experienced teachers has always played an important role in teacher education. Traditional views of observation argue that through observing how teachers conduct their lessons, solve problems of classroom management, and interact with students, novice teachers can develop a repertoire of strategies and techniques which they can apply in their own teaching. However the significance of what is observed depends on the theory of teaching the teacher holds. In using classroom observation in language teacher education programs it is therefore necessary to go beyond a focus on techniques and strategies experienced teachers employ and to use observation as a way of collecting information that can be used to develop a deeper understanding of how and why teachers teach the way they do. In this paper, observation will be examined in terms of how it can assist both co-operating teachers (those who are observed) and novice teachers develop a reflective approach to teaching.
Observation of other teachers
The most frequent use of observation involves teachers in training sitting in on the classes of experienced teachers. Guidelines such as the following are recommended to assist in this process: (a) Observation should have a focus; (b) observers should use specific procedures; and (c) the observer should remain an observer.
An additional way of improving the value of classroom observation is to establish a non-evaluative role for observers through giving them tasks to complete which involve collecting information rather than evaluating performance, and having the co-operating teacher determine what these tasks are. Tasks may include collecting data on such things as organization of the lesson, teacher's time management, how students complete tasks, time-on-task, teachers use of questions, teachers' explanations, teacher-student interaction, and the dynamics of group activities. Once the observations have been made, using checklists, focused description, or other procedures, the observer provides a copy of any information obtained for the teacher.
Peer observation
The approach to observation described above can also be used as the basis for peer observation. Peer observation should be approached as an opportunity for teachers to develop a critically reflective stance to their own teaching. Rather than viewing peer observation as an evaluative procedure, teachers should see themselves as co-researchers collaborating for each others' benefit. The following guidelines are recommended for implementing peer observation (Richards and Lockhart, 1991). (a) Peer observation should be voluntary. (b) Participants select their own partners to work with. (c) Each participant both observes and is observed. (d) There is a pre-observation orientation session: Before each observation, the two teachers meet to discuss the nature of the class to be observed, the kind of material being taught, the teacher's approach to teaching, the kinds of students in the class, typical patterns of interaction and class participation, and any problems expected. The aim of these discussions is for the teacher being observed to assign the observer a goal for the observation and a task to accomplish. The two teachers would agree on observation procedures or instruments to be used during this session and arrange a schedule for the observations. (e) During the observation, the observer then visits his or her partner's class and completes the observation using the procedures that both partners had agreed on. (f) There is a post-observation session: Meeting as soon as possible after the lesson, the observer reports on the information collected and discusses it with the teacher.
Three-way observation
While observation usually involves a novice teacher observing an experienced teacher's class or colleagues observing each other's classes in the case of peer observation, an alternative option is to use students' perceptions of the lesson as a third source of information. This is known as three-way observation, which works in the following way: (a) Pairs of inexperienced and experienced teachers work together. Usually the novice teacher invites a colleague to work with him or her. (b) Each pair of teachers arrange to carry out several observations of each other's classes, i.e. to take part in peer observation. (c) Rather than use the procedures for peer observation described above, data is collected at the end of each lesson on the students,' the teacher's, and the observer's perceptions of the lesson.
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